Colombia is the world’s largest producer of high-quality emeralds, with most of the production coming from three main mining areas – Muzo, Chivor, and Coscuez.
Muzo Emerald Mine
Muzo is considered the most important emerald mining region in the world and produces around 85% of Colombia’s emeralds.
The Muzo mines were in use for at least 500 years before the Spanish arrived, with emeralds being traded by indigenous tribes across South and Central America.
In 1538, Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada discovered the Muzo mines, and the Spanish established mining operations there in the 1560s, using forced indigenous labor.
After Colombia’s independence in 1819, the Muzo mines were managed alternately by public and private interests, with periods of leasing to Colombian and European parties.
Chivor Emerald Mine
The Chivor mine, located northeast of Bogotá, was the original source of emeralds for the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century.
It was abandoned in 1675 and its location remained a mystery for over 200 years until rediscovered in 1896.
Chivor’s production has declined in recent years, while Muzo and Coscuez have become more prominent sources.
Coscuez Emerald Mine
The Coscuez mine, extremely close to Muzo, has grown to become the second-largest producer of emeralds in Colombia after Muzo.
It is located in the Muzo district and has a fascinating history dating back to the Spanish conquest.
Coscuez emeralds are known for their slightly bluish hue compared to the more yellowish Muzo emeralds
